Safety Measures in the Factories Act 1948

Safety Measures Under the Factories Act, 1948

The Factories Act 1948 outlines specific safety measures to protect workers from industrial risks. Below are the key provisions with detailed explanations:

1. Fencing of Machinery (Section 21)

Industrial machinery poses major risks if left unprotected. The act mandates fencing around moving parts such as flywheels, belts, pulleys, and gears. Proper fencing helps prevent accidental contact, heavily reducing the risk of severe injuries, including amputations and crushing incidents. Employers must ensure all machines are adequately enclosed, and safety guards should never be removed during operations.

2. Work on or Near Machinery in Motion (Section 22)

Workers handling machinery in motion must follow strict safety measures. Only trained and authorised personnel should operate, adjust, or repair running machines. This provision prevents unintended machine activation, which can cause severe injuries. In addition, workers should wear appropriate safety gear, and lockout-tagout (LOTO) procedures must be enforced to ensure safety.

Related: 10 Construction Site Safety Rules

3. Employment of Young Persons on Dangerous Machines (Section 23)

Young workers, due to their inexperience, are more vulnerable to accidents. The act restricts their employment on hazardous machinery unless they have received proper training and are under expert supervision. This prevents injuries caused by a lack of skill or awareness, ensuring workers' safety at all times.

4. Prohibition of Employment of Women and Children Near Cotton-Openers (Section 27)

Cotton-openers generate airborne fibres that can cause respiratory diseases such as byssinosis. To protect their health, the act prohibits women and children from working near these machines. Employers must also ensure adequate ventilation and dust control measures are in place to minimise exposure for other workers.

5. Lifting Machines, Chains, Ropes, and Lifting Tackles (Section 29)

Lifting equipment such as cranes, hoists, and tackles must be inspected regularly to prevent failures that could lead to serious accidents. The act mandates periodic maintenance, adherence to load capacity limits, and training for operators handling lifting machinery. Improper handling can lead to equipment failure, causing severe workplace injuries.

6. Pits, Sumps, Openings in Floors (Section 33)

Open pits, sumps, and floor openings can cause slip-and-fall accidents. The act requires these areas to be fenced or covered securely to prevent workers from falling into them. Proper signage should also be placed near hazardous areas to warn workers about potential dangers.

Related: 5 Construction Health and Safety Signs & Their Meanings

7. Excessive Weights (Section 34)

Lifting heavy loads without assistance can cause back injuries and musculoskeletal disorders. The act mandates weight limits for manual lifting and encourages the use of mechanical lifting aids where necessary. Proper training in lifting techniques is also essential to prevent workplace injuries.

8. Protection of Eyes (Section 35)

Many industrial processes involve risks of flying particles, molten metal, chemical splashes, or harmful radiation. The act mandates using protective eyewear such as goggles, face shields, or welding helmets to protect workers' vision. Employers must ensure compliance with personal protective equipment (PPE) regulations.

9. Precautions Against Dangerous Fumes and Gases (Section 36)

Factories that deal with hazardous chemicals must have proper ventilation systems to eliminate toxic fumes and gases. Exposure to such substances can lead to respiratory diseases, poisoning, or even fatalities. Employers must provide appropriate respiratory protection and train workers in safe handling procedures.

Related: Fire Safety Measures Required for Factory Insurance Approval

10. Precautions Regarding the Use of Portable Electric Light (Section 36A)

Portable electric lights used in factories, especially in confined or hazardous spaces, must be explosion-proof. This prevents accidental ignitions, reducing fire risks. Employers should only use approved lighting systems in high-risk areas to ensure safety.

11. Explosive or Inflammable Dust, Gas, etc. (Section 37)

Factories dealing with combustible materials such as coal dust, sawdust, or flammable gases must have dust suppression and explosion-proof systems. Proper ventilation and fire control measures help prevent catastrophic accidents, ensuring workplace safety.

12. Precautions in Case of Fire (Section 38)

Fire hazards are a major concern in factories. The act requires adequate fire exits, fire-fighting equipment, and regular emergency drills to prepare workers for fire-related emergencies. Fire alarm systems, extinguishers, and sprinkler systems must be installed in all high-risk areas.

13. Safety of Buildings and Machinery (Section 40)

Factory buildings and machinery must be structurally sound to prevent collapses and mechanical failures. The act mandates regular inspections and maintenance of industrial structures to uphold safety standards. Employers should address structural weaknesses immediately to avoid accidents.

14. Maintenance of Buildings (Section 40A)

Wear and tear in factory buildings can create unsafe working conditions. The act mandates periodic maintenance to ensure workplace safety. Proper inspections and timely repairs prevent accidents caused by deteriorating structures.

15. Safety Officers (Section 40B)

Factories with a significant workforce must appoint Safety Officers responsible for implementing safety policies, conducting audits, and training workers. Their role is essential in ensuring compliance with the safety measures in the Factories Act 1948 and encouraging a culture of safety in the workplace.

16. Power to Make Rules to Supplement This Chapter (Section 41)

The government has the authority to establish additional safety rules to address emerging workplace hazards. This ensures that evolving industrial practices align with updated safety standards. Employers must stay informed about new regulations and implement them promptly.

Conclusion

Enforcing safety measures in the Factories Act 1948 is essential for a secure workplace. These regulations protect workers from mechanical hazards, chemical exposure, and fire-related risks. Employers must implement these guidelines diligently to ensure compliance and maintain a safer working environment.

By prioritising safety in the manufacturing industry, factory owners can reduce workplace accidents and improve overall productivity. Following the Factories Act 1948 is not just a legal requirement but a moral responsibility towards workers' safety.

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